Women Empowerment Index:Construction of a Tool to Measure Rural Women Empowerment Level in India

Authors

  • Department of Economics, Kaliyaganj College, Kaliyaganj, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal – 733129
  • Maharaja Manindra Chandra College, Kolkata
  • IFIM Business School, Bangalore

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2018/v7i1/119887

Keywords:

Women, Empowerment Index, Economic Development, Self Help Group, Economic Development.

Abstract

Poverty ignites the societal gap between men and women, while economic development narrows it down through its gender promotional activities. There is bidirectional relationship between economic development and empowerment of women. Women empowerment, being dependent on complex sociological and economic issues, needs to be measured in terms of specific parameters like 'access to resources', 'decision making capability' and 'ability to take a stand'. This particular study develops an Index based on few sector-specific parameters to measure empowerment level of women engaged in Self Help Groups. Both 'individual empowerment index' and 'group empowerment indices' have been constructed, where 'financial liberty', 'ability to take decisions', 'heath condition of the women and 'ability to stand up against the evils of the society' have been considered as her empowerment parameters. The index was applied on 300 SHG Group members of rural West Bengal, which provided us an idea about the existing level of rural women empowerment in West Bengal.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Published

2018-06-01

How to Cite

Roy, C., Chatterjee, S., & Gupta, S. D. (2018). Women Empowerment Index:Construction of a Tool to Measure Rural Women Empowerment Level in India. ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management, 7(1), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.15410/aijm/2018/v7i1/119887

Issue

Section

Articles

References

Alkire, S., R. Meinzen-Dick, A. Peterman, A.R. Quisumbing, G. Seymour and A. Vaz (2012). “The Women Empowerment in Agricultural Indexâ€, International Food Policy Research Institute, Discussion Paper 1240.

Aloysius, and P. Fernandez. (2007), History and Spread of the Self Help Affinity Group Movement in India-The Role Played by IFAD, Occasional Paper 3, IFAD.

Anderson, S., and Eswaran, M. (2005), What determines female autonomy? Evidence from Bangladesh. Working paper, 101, Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development.

Armendáriz, B. and Morduch, J. (2010), The Economics of Microfinance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Bali Swain, R., and Wallentin, F.Y. (2012), “Economic or Non-Economic Factors – What Empowers Women?â€. International Review of Applied Economics, 2012, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 425-444.

Bennet, Lynn. (2002), “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion for ProPoor growth: A theory of social Changeâ€, Working Draft of Background paper for Social Development Strategy paper, Washington DC: World Bank.

Hartigan, P. and Billimoria, J. (2005), “Social Entrepreneurship: an overviewâ€, Alliance, 2005, Vol. 10, No. 1.

Banerjee, A., Duflo, E., Glennerster, R. and Kinnan, C. (2013), “The Miracle of Microfinance? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluationâ€, NBER Working Paper No. 18590.

Bansal, H. (2003), “SHG-bank linkage program in India: An overviewâ€, Journal of Microfinance, 2003, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 21-49.

Bardhan, K., and Klasen, S. (1999), “UNDP’s gender-related indices: A critical reviewâ€, World Development, 1999, Vol. 27, pp. 985–1010.

Beteta, H.C. (2006), “What is missing in measures of women’s empowerment?â€, Journal of Human Development,2006, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 221–41.

Bhattacharya, J, and Banerjee, S. (2012), “Women Empowerment as multidimensional capability enhancement as an application of structural equation modelingâ€, Poverty Public Policy, 2012, Vol. 4, No. 3, p.79-98.

Bhattacharya, J., Banerjee, S. and Bose, M. (2013), On Assessment of Women Empowerment at Individual Level: An Analytical Exposition, In Banerjee, S, and Chakrabarti, A. (edn.) Development and Sustainability: India in A Global Perspective, Springer, p. 385-400.

De S. and Sarker, D. (2011), “Women’s Empowerment through Self-Help Groups and Its Impact on Health Issues: Empirical Evidenceâ€, Journal of Global Analysis, 2011, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 49-82.

Deininger, K. and Y. Liu. 2009, “Economic and social impacts of self-help groups in Indiaâ€, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Devika, J. and Thampi, B.V. (2007), “Between Empowerment and Liberation: The Kudumbashree Initiative in Keralaâ€, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2007, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 33-59.

Doepke, M. and Michele Terlilt. (2011), Does female empowerment promote economic development?, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 8441.

Duflo, E. (2011), Women Empowerment and Economic development, USA, NBER Working paper No. 17702.

Issac, T., T.M. Williams, M., Chakraborty, P. and Thampi, B.V. (2002), “Women Neighbourhood Groups: A New Perspectiveâ€, paper presented at the seminar on ‘Decentralization, Sustainable Development and Social Security’, Alappuzha, 11-12 May.

Klassen, S. (2006), “UNDP’s Gender related Measures: Some Conceptual Problems & Possible Solutionsâ€, Journal of Human Development, July, 2006, p.243-274.

Maheshwari, M. and Goyal, S. (2014), “Review of Self Help Groups in Socio Economic Empowerment of Women: A Review of Studiesâ€, Pacific Business Review International, 2014, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 85-93.

Manimekalai, N. and Rajeswari, G. Margin. (2000), “Empowerment of Women through Self Help Groups (SHGs)â€, Margin, 2000, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 74-87. MPRA Paper No. 48954.

Manimekalai, N. (1999), Nature and Characteristics of Women Empowerment in India, in Soundarapanidan, M. (edn.) Women Entrepreneurship: Issues and Strategies, Kanishka Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

Mayoux, L. (1998), Microfinance Programmes and Women Empowerment: Evidence and Way Forward, Discussion Paper No.41, Open University, Milton Keynes.

Mayoux, L. (2001), “Tackling the Down Side: Social Capital, Women Empowerment and Microfinance in Cameroonâ€, Development and Change, 2001, Vol. 32, pp. 435-464.

Minimal, M.C. and Makesh K.G. (2012), “Empowering rural women in Kerala: A study on the role of Self Help Groups (SHGs)â€, International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2012, Vol. 4, No. 9, pp. 270-280.

Patterson, J., Linden, E., Bierbrier, C., Lofgren, I. and Wilhelmsson, D. (2008), “Empowerment of Fisher Women of Siluvaipatti Fishing Village of Tuticorin, Southeast Coast of India through Adult Education and ICT Trainingâ€, Convergence. 2008, Vol. 41, No. 2, p. 7.

Roy, C. and Roy Mukherjee, S. (2014), “Status and Empowerment on Women Workers in Sericulture of West Bengal: A Socio Economic Analysisâ€, Arthabisleshon, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 36-53.

Ryne, E. and Otero, M. (1994), Fundamental Services for Microenterprises: Principles and Institutions’ in M. Otero and E. Ryne (edn.), The New World of Microenterprise finance: Building Healthy Financial Institutions for the Poor, London: Intermediate Technology Publication, pp. 16-35.

Sabhlok, S.G. (2011), “Development and Women: The Role of Trust in Self Help Groupsâ€, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2011, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 241-261.

Sheel, R. and Krishna, S. (2002), “Towards Women’s Empowerment Role of Self Help Groups and Micro-Creditâ€, Philosophy and Social Action, 2002, Vol. 28, No. 3. pp. 23-39.

Swain, R.B. and Wallentin, Y. 2008, “Does microfinance empower women? Evidence from self help groups in Indiaâ€, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden: Working Paper 2007-24.

Tripathy, U. and, Padhi, P.L. (2011), “Socio-economic Conditions of Self-Help Groups: A Study on Litimunda Village of Sambalpur Districtâ€, International Journal of Business Economics and Management Research, 2011, Vol. 2, No. 12, pp. 90-111.

United Nations, (2006), Building Inclusive Financial Sectors for Development, UN-New York.

Vijayanthi, K.N. (2002), “Women’s Empowerment through Self-Help Groups: A Participatory Approachâ€, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2002, Vol 9, No. 2, pp. 263-274.

Garikipati, S. (2008), “The Impact of Lending to Women on Household Vulnerability and Women’s Empowerment: Evidence from Indiaâ€, World Development, 2008, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 2620-2642.

Garikipati, S. (2012), “Microcredit and Women’s Empowerment:Through the Lens of Time-Use Data from Rural Indiaâ€, Development and Change, 2012, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 719-750.

Malhotra, A., and Mather, M. (1997), “Do schooling and work empower women in developing countries? Gender and domestic decisions in Sri Lankaâ€, Sociological Forum, 1997, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 599–630

Malhotra, A. and Schuler, S.R. (2005), Womens empowerment as a variable in international development in D. Narayan (Ed.) Measuring Empowerment: Cross Disciplinary Perspectives (Washington, DC: The World Bank), pp. 219-246.

Pitt, M., Khandker, S.R., and Cartwright, J. (2006), “Empowering women with microfinance: Evidence from Bangladeshâ€, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 2006, Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 791–831.